Immune Receptor Cell Lines 

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells capable of differentiating into various cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. These cells are derived from mesodermal lineage and are characterized by their adherence to plastic in vitro, expression of specific surface markers (e.g., CD73, CD90, CD105), and lack of hematopoietic markers (e.g., CD34, CD45). MSCs are predominantly isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord, although they can also be obtained from other tissues such as dental pulp and placenta.

Content

• Isolation and Expansion: MSCs are isolated via density gradient centrifugation (e.g., Ficoll) followed by expansion in low-glucose DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Growth supplements such as platelet lysate are also used to enhance proliferation.
• Culture and Maintenance: MSCs are cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (2–5% O₂) to mimic in vivo niches, which maintain their differentiation potential.
• Characterization: Flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry is used for surface marker analysis. Functional assays confirm differentiation potential.

Applications

• Tissue Engineering: MSCs are extensively used in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue repair due to their regenerative capabilities.
• Immunomodulation: They exert anti-inflammatory effects via secretion of cytokines (e.g., TGF-β, IL-10) and by modulating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages.
• Cell Therapy: Clinical trials are underway utilizing MSCs for treating conditions like graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), osteoarthritis, and myocardial infarction.
• Drug Testing and Disease Modeling: MSCs are used as platforms to study drug efficacy and disease mechanisms in vitro due to their capacity for differentiation and mimicking the human microenvironment.

MSCs represent a critical tool in regenerative medicine, with their multipotency and immunomodulatory properties positioning them at the forefront of cell-based therapies and translational research.